In prisons, men are housed separately from wimmin, but gender oppression
is still a very big issue behind bars. From sexual assaults on prisoners
by guards and other prisoners, to the abuse of gay and trans people,
gender oppression perpetuates disunity and furthers the social control
of the criminal injustice system. In this issue of Under Lock &
Key we have articles about rape and sexual assault in prison, the
use of sexual orientation to divide prisoners, denial of health care,
and several attempts to challenge and fight gender oppression behind
bars.
Defining Gender
Our readers should be familiar with the concepts of class and national
oppression. Class is clearly related to work and ownership of the means
of production. Those who are owners have the power to exploit those who
are not. National oppression is also clearly visible with nations which
have resources and militaries using those to steal from and control
nations which don’t.
We distinguish gender from class and nation because it is defined by
leisure-time activity. Men (the group with power in the gender
oppression dynamic) oppress wimmin through rape, sexual harassment, and
a social structure that portrays wimmin as valued for their looks, not
for their skills or knowledge. Gender is not so clear cut as “men
against wimmin” though. We have an Amerikan history of lynching Black
men accused of raping white wimmin, giving white wimmin significant
gender power over Black men. The use of humyn bodies in the Third World
for drug testing by pharmaceutical companies gives First World men and
wimmin benefits from gender oppression. And overall health status and
physical ability is tied up with gender privilege; professional athletes
and models are both enjoying gender privilege while those with physical
and mental disabilities are often times forced into homelessness or
imprisonment.
Gender in Prison
In prison we see clearly that gender privilege is not just about
biological definitions of male and female. Prisoners face rape and
sexual harassment by both prison staff and other prisoners. According to
the Department of Justice itself, 50% of sexual assault against
prisoners is by staff (See the article
“PREA
National Standards: Symbol or Sword?”). Prisoners are vulnerable
because of their powerlessness against abuse from employees, their lack
of recourse to stop abuse from other prisoners, and also because of
their lack of access to adequate health care. These vulnerabilities have
an even bigger impact on prisoners who are gay or trans, those with
physical disabilities or health problems, youth (especially those in
adult facilities), and any prisoners who are perceived as weak.
Trans Oppression in Prison
A New York prisoner wrote to MIM(Prisons) recently:
“I’m a transgender woman. I’m writing this because I’m different from
the regular male prisoners. I am 200% aware of the oppression that’s
being done to the heterosexual prisoner population. I’ve been raped,
beaten, and starved. The main reason I’ve been oppressed is due to my
sexual orientation. An LGBTQ individual has it bad [in prison].”
Trans people face gender oppression for their perceived sex role
non-conformity, based on physical health status and needs, and for trans
wimmin there is the added oppression for being female. As with other
gender oppression, this interacts with class and nation, leaving Third
World trans people to face the most severe oppression, while some First
World trans people end up integrating well with their imperialist
culture and enjoying its benefits. Trans prisoners are unique in the
First World because the condition of imprisonment puts them in a
situation that denies them class or nation privilege, resulting in
increased danger specific to their gender oppression.
The root of violence against trans people lies in the strict enforcement
of the gender system. People who are visibly trans, especially trans
wimmin, are often singled out for social or physical violence. Trans
people are automatically regarded as non-heterosexual, and violence
against them often includes elements of homophobia. These factors can
conspire with national oppression and class to produce disastrous and
murderous results.
Trans people have a number of specific health needs, primarily hormones
and surgery, but are commonly denied access to even routine
healthcare.(1) An unemployment rate double the average(2) often leaves
trans people without insurance; but for those who do have it,
trans-specific coverage is often categorically denied, and aging medical
standards allow doctors to restrict treatment to only those who conform
to rigid standards of masculinity or femininity. The result of all this
can be lethal. Approximately 41% of trans people have attempted
suicide,(3) and trans wimmin are 49 times more likely to be HIV positive
than the general population.(4)
Lack of healthcare is even more acute within prison, with hormones
normally denied even to those receiving them before incarceration, and
surgery completely out of the question. 21% of trans wimmin have been
imprisoned (rising to over 50% for New Afrikan trans wimmin)(5) and for
them, correct identity documents can mean life or death. Trans wimmin
who are regarded as “legally male” by the state get sent to men’s
prisons. This leaves them much more likely than other prisoners to be
victims of sexual assault, rape, and murder,(6) and has a number of
other consequences like the assignment of cross-gender guards for strip
searches, and incorrect clothing provisions.(7)
Unity is Key to Fighting Gender Oppression
Gender oppression is an integral part of imperialism, and we can’t
expect to eliminate it without overthrowing imperialism. Ultimately we
fight for communism, a system where no group of people oppresses any
other group of people (classes, nations or genders). But we can have an
impact on some forms of this oppression now, including sexual violence
and harassment, through a united struggle behind bars. We call on all
prisoners to put an end to gender oppression between prisoners. We need
to stand together and say no to prisoner-on-prisoner sexual assault, and
no to harassment. Unite and stand up to defend those who can not defend
themselves. If you do not face this oppression, it is your job to stand
with your comrades who do, and ensure your fellow prisoners do not turn
around and act as gender oppressors. Straight prisoners need to
understand that gay and trans prisoners are comrades, not enemies. Don’t
let the prison divide us along gender lines.